Call by value
Call by value (also referred to as pass by value) is the most common evaluation strategy, used in languages as different as C and Scheme. In call by value, the argument expression is evaluated, and the resulting value is bound to the corresponding variable in the function (frequently by copying the value into a new memory region). If the function or procedure is able to assign values to its parameters, only its local copy is assigned—that is, anything passed into a function call is unchanged in the caller's scope when the function returns.
Call by reference
Call by reference (also referred to as pass by reference) is an evaluation strategy where a function receives an implicit reference to a variable used as argument, rather than a copy of its value. This typically means that the function can modify (i.e. assign to) the variable used as argument—something that will be seen by its caller. Call by reference can therefore be used to provide an additional channel of communication between the called function and the calling function. A call-by-reference language makes it more difficult for a programmer to track the effects of a function call, and may introduce subtle bugs.
Example the call by address that simulates call by reference in C:
void modify(int p, int* q, int* r) {
p = 27; // passed by value: only the local parameter is modified
*q = 27; // passed by value or reference, check call site to determine which
*r = 27; // passed by value or reference, check call site to determine which
}
int main() {
int a = 1;
int b = 1;
int x = 1;
int* c = &x;
modify(a, &b, c); // a is passed by value, b is passed by reference by creating a pointer (call by value),
// c is a pointer passed by value
// b and x are changed
return 0;
}
